Namibian Wildlife Lead (Pb) Poisoning Working Group

Berny P et al. 2015. Vigilance poison: Illegal poisoning and lead intoxication are the main factors affecting avian scavenger survival in the Pyrenees (France). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 118 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.003

Ecke F et al. 2017. Sublethal lead exposure alters movement behavior in free-ranging golden eagles. Environmental Science and Technology 51 5729-5736. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06024

Gangoso L et al 2009. Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources. Environmental Pollution 157 569-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.015

Garbett R 2018. Conservation of raptors and vultures in Botswana: with a focus on lappet-faced vultures Torgos tracheliotos. PhD Thesis. University of Cape Town

Garbett R et al. 2018. Association between hunting and elevated blood lead levels in the critically endangered African white-backed vulture Gyps africanus. Science of The Total Environment (630) 1654-1665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.220

Gil-Sánchez JM et al. 2018. From sport hunting to breeding success: Patterns of lead ammunition ingestion and its effects on an endangered raptor. Science of The Total Environment (613-614) 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.069

Green RE & Pain DJ 2019. Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe. Ambio 48 954-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x

Gremse F et al 2014. Performance of lead-free versus lead-based hunting ammunition in ballistic soap. PLoS ONE 9 (7) e102015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102015

Haig SM et al. 2014. The persistent problem of lead poisoning in birds from ammunition and fishing tackle. The Condor 116 (3) 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-36.1

Hampton JO et al. 2021. Portable X-ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles. Science of the Total Environment 789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147998

Humphries M et al. 2022. High lead exposure and clinical signs of toxicosis in wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from a World Heritage site: Lake St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa. Chemosphere 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134977

Jenni L et al 2015 The frequency distribution of lead concentration in feathers, blood, bone, kidney and liver of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos: insights into the modes of uptake. Journal of Ornithology 156, 1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1220-7

Kelly TR et al 2011. Impact of the California lead ammunition ban on reducing lead exposure in golden eagles and turkey vultures. PLoS ONE 6:4

Kenny D et al. 2015. Blood lead levels in White-Backed Vultures (Gyps africanus) from Botswana, Africa. Vulture News 68 25-31. https://doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v68i1.2

Koeppel KN & Kemp LV 2015. Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 29 (4) 340–344

Krüger SC 2018. Lead exposure in the critically endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) population in southern Africa. Journal of Raptor Research 52 (4) 491-499

Legagneux P et al. 2014. High risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success. PLoS ONE 9 (11) e111546. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111546

Martin A et al. 2017. Hunting of roe deer and wild boar in Germany: Is non-lead ammunition suitable for hunting?. PLoS ONE 12:9 e0185029. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185029

McCann BE et al 2016. Efficacy of non-lead ammunition for culling elk at Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Human-Wildlife Interactions 10 (2) 268-282

Naidoo V et al. 2017. Lead ingestion as a potential contributing factor to the decline in vulture populations in southern Africa. Environmental Research 152 150-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.013

Nkosi DV et al. 2022 Toxic metals in meat contributed by helicopter and rifle thoracic killing of game meat animals. Appl. Sci. 12, 8095. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168095

Oxpeckers Investigative Environmental Journalism. Zambia tallies the costs of mining for electric batteries. https://oxpeckers.org/2024/04/zambia-electric-vehicles/

Pain DJ et al. 2019. Wildlife, human and environmental costs of using lead ammunition: An economic review and analysis. Ambio 48 969-988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01157-2

Stroud RK & Hunt WG 2009. Gunshot wounds: A source of lead in the environment. In RT Watson et al (Eds.). Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans. 119-125. The Peregrine Fund

Thomson GC 2021. How do you like your meat? Unleaded, please! https://conservationnamibia.com/blog/b2021-unleaded-please.php

van den Heever L et al. 2019. Blood and bone lead levels in South Africa's Gyps vultures: Risk to nest-bound chicks and comparison with other avian taxa. Science of the Total Environment 669 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.123

van den Heever L et al. 2022. Identifying the origin of lead poisoning in white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) chicks at an important South African breeding colony: a stable lead isotope approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23209-z